จ้วง

1. historical origin

Zhuang is an ancient nation, developed from the ancient Baiyue branch. "Liao", "Pu" for the ancient ancestors. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality lived and multiplied in Wenshan and Qiubei. After the Song Dynasty, more and more Zhuang people migrated from other places and settled in Qiubei. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, wars and disasters were frequent, and a large number of Zhuang people flowed into Qiubei from outside the province.

Zhuang people have lived in the subtropical Pingba valley area with warm climate, abundant rainfall and fertile land for generations. Zhuang ancestors created a brilliant rice culture, dry bar architectural culture, bronze drum culture, textile and clothing culture and food culture and other distinctive and far-reaching Zhuang culture.

2. religious beliefs

The Yunnan Zhuang people generally believe that all things have spirits, and their beliefs are mixed with nature worship, ancestor worship, totem worship, hero worship and multi-god worship. Every year, there are many rituals for various gods of the Zhuang nationality. In addition to the collective rituals of villages such as offering sacrifices to dragons, days, fields and drums, the vast majority of Zhuang families also offer sacrifices to the position of "the king of heaven and earth (the country) and the ancestor's position, and offer sacrifices at any time.

3. Qiubei Rock Painting

Since ancient times, Zhuang people have been good at singing and dancing, writing and painting. As early as in the Stone Age, the Zhuang nationality's matrilineal clan society used red ore pigments symbolizing life to create prehistoric rock paintings on the rock wall. The prehistoric rock paintings of Wenshan and Qiubei are extensive and rich, and there are Puge rock paintings, Heiqing Longyan paintings, Lion Rock paintings, and Honghuashan rock paintings in Qiubei.

4. Zhuang Bronze Drum-Sacrificing Drum for the New Year

The bronze drum is a percussion instrument created by the ancient Chinese Pu Yue people. It has a history of more than 2700 years. At first, the bronze drum was used as a drinking vessel (kettle) and gradually evolved into a percussion instrument. The ancient Puyue people (ancestors of the Zhuang nationality) regarded the bronze drum as an artifact and worshipped it. Today, many Zhuang villages still worship the bronze drum. During festivals and celebrations, they would sacrifice the bronze drum, drink the bronze drum wine and dance the bronze drum.

5. clothing culture

There are many branches of Zhuang nationality. Qiubei Zhuang nationality mainly belongs to Zhuang nationality's agricultural, sand and soil branches. The traditional clothing of each branch is mainly black, green and blue, regardless of men's and women's clothing. Women's clothing is short and long skirts are mostly made of Zhuang brocade fabric and embroidery technology. Adult men generally wear double-breasted jackets, wide-range trousers and homemade cloth shoes. Young men like to hang silk on both ends of the head handkerchiefs. In the various branches of women's traditional clothing, the Qiubei Zhuang sand branch of the traditional short clothes Miniu, pleated long skirt is the most dazzling, exquisite production, Zhuang brocade, embroidery color gorgeous, vivid and lively patterns, silver style numerous, exquisite production, a piece of silver in the sun, the sound of silver is very pleasing to the ear.

Zhuang women have always liked to wear all kinds of silver ornaments. There are many kinds of silver ornaments, mainly silver combs, silver hairpins, earrings, collars, necklaces, chest rows, rings, silver bracelets, etc. With gorgeous festive costumes, it looks gorgeous. The silver bracelets of Zhuang girls are not only decorations, but also tokens of love, symbolizing pure love.

The Zhuang nationality is one of the earliest ethnic groups to learn to weave. The Zhuang family living in the north of Qiu, almost every household has a folk self-made loom, and Zhuang women can textile skills. Zhuang costumes are mostly associated with colorful brocade, weaving, picking, brocade, embroidery, vivid patterns, rigorous structure and colorful colors. Zhuang brocade is one of the four famous brocades in China, which was once a tribute to the royal family in history.

6. Music and Dance Festival

Zhuang "good song", Zhuang township has the reputation of "song sea. The poetry culture of the Zhuang nationality is very rich, including ancient songs, etiquette songs, love songs, plate songs, festival songs, house-building songs, fishing songs, farming songs, textile songs, tea songs, etc., with various forms of expression, simple and natural, and strong local flavor. Zhuang's traditional musical instruments include bawu, bronze drum, horse bone Hu, gourd Hu, gourd Sheng, konoha and so on.

Various sacrificial activities of the Zhuang nationality are frequent, and the dance of entertaining gods and paying for gods (witch dance) has become an indispensable procedure for the ritual of the Zhuang nationality, which has greatly promoted the development of the Zhuang nationality dance. According to statistics, there are dozens of traditional dances of the Zhuang nationality, including copper drum dance, pole dance, hand towel dance, hydrangea dance, shrimp fishing dance, peach leaf dance, banhong dance and so on.

“March 3 "Flower Street Festival:On March 3, there will be three days. First, each village will hold a grand dragon sacrifice activity. After that, it will beat gongs and drums, dance lions and dragons, walk through villages and villages, exorcise evil spirits, pray for good weather, and organize large-scale singing and dancing, Zhuang opera and martial arts performances. During the festival, young men and women of the Zhuang nationality also look for friends by singing to each other, touching eggs, throwing hydrangea and giving each other gifts. As a rice-growing nation, the Zhuang nationality attaches great importance to the farming season. "March 3" itself is a festival to convey the farming season. The rituals of "March 3" such as offering sacrifices to dragons, offering sacrifices to ground mothers and scattering official species remind all Zhuang people that after enjoying themselves on "March 3", they must concentrate on production.

Spring Festival:It is the most solemn festival of the Zhuang nationality. Zongba is a necessary food for the Zhuang nationality to celebrate the Spring Festival. There is a saying that "there is no Zongba during the Spring Festival, and it is not a strong family. On the first day of the new year, there is a custom of grabbing new water in the early morning.

Taste the new section:When the rice grains mature in August and September of the lunar calendar, each village chooses a day for the festival. Pounded the first basket of new rice just collected from the field, put the first pot of new rice together with chicken, fish and fruit on the god table, and gave fragrant paper to the ancestors. After the sacrifice, scoop a bowl of new rice and mix it with some meat. Let the dog eat first before the family can taste the first meal of new rice. Legend has it that the grain was brought by the dog. To thank it for its credit, the Zhuang family feeds the dog every time they taste new rice. Many places do not eat dog meat, which is also the result.

7. Zhuang Villages and Rice Culture

The layout of traditional Zhuang villages is obviously influenced by rice culture, with special emphasis on the layout of "one water in front of the village and ten thousand mountains behind the village. The village is located on a hillside near the mountain and near the water, and does not occupy water fields and farmland as much as possible. The houses are built according to the slope, layer by layer from top to bottom, layer by layer, row upon row, very spectacular. The dwellings are connected by stone slab paths, which are conducive to lighting, ventilation and fire prevention.

The folk houses of Zhuang nationality still maintain the most basic characteristics of the dry or semi-dry buildings with overhead at the bottom and people and animals. This kind of housing is a typical folk house of the ancient Baiyue ethnic group, suitable for humid and rainy, hot summer and uneven southern hillsides. The life in the house is centered on the fire pond, and three meals a day are held by the fire pond. The shrine is placed on the central axis of the whole house. The front hall is used for celebrations and social activities, with two side rooms for people and the back hall for living quarters.

Baiyue ethnic group is the first ethnic group in the world to carry out artificial cultivation of rice, and its rice cultivation has a history of nearly 9000 years. As a descendant of Baiyue, Zhuang is one of the earliest ethnic groups in the world to cultivate rice. For thousands of years, the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality have created a rich "na" culture. "na" is called rice field in Zhuang language. There are 518 villages named after "na" in Wenshan Prefecture alone. Rice farming and irrigation are the first. For this reason, the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality invented water lifting tools such as crane and keel car, and attached great importance to the construction of agricultural infrastructure. The Longquan Canal "Bridge Back Water" stone arch bridge built by Zhuang ancestors in Qiubei County is 318 meters long and consumes more than 20000 cubic meters of stone. The project lasted nine years. After the completion of the project in 59 years (1794), 120000 mu of wasteland became fertile land, which has been extended to this day. It is the largest water conservancy project in ancient Yunnan Province.

The long history of rice farming has had a profound impact on the life etiquette, national character and deep psychology of the Zhuang people. Due to the traditional festivals such as Niu Wang Festival, March 3 and Xinmi Festival, all kinds of life etiquette are full of cultural implication of rice cultivation, and there are also life proverbs such as "love rice and check fields frequently, love wife and visit mother-in-law frequently.

8.Zhuang Brocade -- Intangible Cultural Heritage

Zhuang women created a wonderful craft-Zhuang brocade. Zhuang brocade and Yun brocade, Shu brocade, Song brocade is listed as China's four famous brocade. In 2006, with the approval of the State Council, Zhuang brocade was included in the national intangible cultural heritage list.

Zhuang brocade can be divided into two categories, brocade and embroidery brocade, each with its own characteristics. Embroidery is on the cloth or brocade, and then embroidered patterns, icing on the cake. The technique of embroidery is changeable, which can be divided into flat embroidery, cut and paste embroidery, pick embroidery, bag embroidery, thread-wrapped embroidery, cloth paste and fold embroidery and other techniques.

Zhuang brocade is colorful, beautiful in design, exquisite in conception, profound in meaning and innovative in creativity, such as the early Zhuang brocade strap, the birth of children and the prosperity of human beings. Rice field map, frog eating moon map, bird fish and man three things with the composition, flying saucer map, fish pattern, rooster pattern, cat pattern, sun, coin map, Zhuang clothing and Zhuang waist pattern, etc, it shows the concept of harmonious development between man and nature and the aesthetic view of pursuing harmony and ecology.

Early Zhuang brocade straps, this kind of composition can be traced back to the creative intention of Puge rock paintings in Qiubei County. Puge rock paintings were produced in the Neolithic Age. At that time, the ancestors competed with beasts for survival in the harsh natural environment. The desire to pray for the prosperity of people became the core idea of the group. The ancestors drew this idea into an auspicious picture on the rock wall. At first glance, Puge's rock paintings were scroll moire patterns. Through comparative research, it was discovered that the ancestors painted abstract diagrams of male and female intercourse, birth of children, and prosperity of people. They were idols at that time. The patterns of Zhuang's early Zhuang brocade straps follow the expression techniques and composition concepts of Pugh's rock paintings, and the patterns express the core idea of praying for the prosperity of people.

9. Zhuang cuisine

Qiubei South Qiubei Zhuang has many famous special dishes and flavor snacks.

Flower rice, also known as five-color glutinous rice, is made by soaking glutinous rice into maple leaf juice, purple and blue grass juice, red grass juice and yellow flower juice respectively, dyeing different glutinous rice into black, purple, red and yellow, and steaming it with natural color (I .e. white). Flower rice steamed brightly colored, fragrant and refreshing. Flower rice is a traditional festival food of Zhuang nationality, which has a history of hundreds of years. Every festival, relatives and friends will exchange flowers and rice to bless and celebrate the festival.

Horse foot pole is a special food of Wenshan Zhuang nationality. It is made of glutinous rice, bacon shreds, red sugar juice and seasonings. The reed leaves can be bound and cooked. It is named after its shape like horse foot and is fragrant and glutinous.

Roast suckling pig is a famous dish of Yunnan Zhuang nationality. Unweaned piglets (about 4kg) are used. After slaughtering, the pig cavity is spread out and dried in the air before baking. When roasting until the pigskin is yellow, wipe the pigskin with thin honey water and sesame oil successively, and bake while wiping until the skin is golden and shiny, and the sound of knocking is crisp. When roasting suckling pig on the table, first lay the suckling pig on the plate, cut the skin into a rectangular shape, then cut through the pork with a knife, and dip it in white vinegar garlic juice or sweet and sour sauce. The skin is golden red, shiny, thin and crispy, tender and delicious, rich in flavor, but not greasy.

Ba ramming chicken is also a unique flavor dish of Zhuang nationality in Wenshan prefecture. "Ba ramming" is Zhuang language, namely sour soup. Ba rammed chicken is a hot pot cooked with Zhuang's special sour soup and added with various seasonal vegetables. Ba rammed chicken sour strange, sweet and delicious, oil but not greasy, appetizing and refreshing.

Qiubei Zhuang's special dishes also include dragon raking, burning dry bus, small fish boiled pickled cabbage, herbal boiled pig feet, etc.