ใบใบ

 

History of 1.

The Bai people were called "Dian Bo" and "Bai Man" in ancient times ". He called himself "white" and "white", and he called himself "the people's family". The Bai ethnic group has a long history. The ancestors lived in the southwest region in ancient times and belonged to the tribes of the northwest Diqiang system. During the Tang and Song Dynasties (Nanzhao, Dali Kingdom), Bai ancestors had already lived in the territory. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Bai people successively moved from places near Erhai Lake and Nanjing to Qiubei due to military border, business, war and other reasons.

 

2. religious beliefs

The Bai people mainly believe in Buddhism, and the village has "Land Temple", "Mountain Temple", "Dragon King Temple" and so on. The long-term evolution of believing in Buddhism has gradually become a "Buddhist temple fair" for eating vegetarian food, chanting sutras, worshipping Buddha and worshipping gods ".

 

3. Folk Dwellings

Most of the Bai people live in Pingba or river valleys near mountains and rivers. Most of their houses face south and north. Rich families live in "quadrangles" with brightly painted eaves, pillars, beams and walls. They have a unique architectural style. The general housing is "two ears, three rooms and one screen wall". There are three rooms in the main room, and people live in the rooms on both sides. The middle room is the main room. The two ear rooms are kitchens, stables, or stacking farm tools, firewood and livestock materials. The wall is painted with lime and painted with landscape flowers and plants. Some people only build three main rooms.

 

4. culture

The Bai nationality is mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and other provinces. Among them, the Bai nationality in Yunnan Province has the largest population and mainly lives in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. The Bai ethnic group has its own national language, and the Bai language belongs to the Yi language branch of the Tibetan-Burmese ethnic group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Chinese language has been commonly used by the Bai people since ancient times. The Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting are famous at all times and all over the world. In the process of formation and development, it interacts with the surrounding ethnic groups and creates a splendid economy and culture.

1. Literature

The Bai people have many popular folklore and stories. Such as: "The Legend of the Big Tree of Eating Pine", "The Origin of Wanshou Temple", "The one-eyed Princess and the Paralytic Husband", "The Story of Fengyaocheng", "The Origin of Liuhe Mountain", "Why Does the Rooster Calling", "Little Baby Butt Three Fives", "Two Brothers", etc.

2, singing and dancing

The Bai people are good at singing and dancing. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Ma Zhelong had a lantern team, which sang on every major festival. The programs retained so far include "watching relatives", "opening the door with both hands", "dream ginger girl", "going to tea mountain" and so on. The six-lantern tune "Sha Yu Lang" is even more widely circulated. The traditional dance has "foot love dance" "flower shoes dance", "embroidered waist dance" and so on.

3. Sculpture

Carving is a major specialty of the Bai nationality, and its craftsmanship is widely used in eaves, columns and feet, tables and chairs, living utensils, archways, incense burners, tombstones, etc. The existing stone incense burner in the Marzhelong Wanshou Palace was made during the Ming Jingtai period (1453). It is 1.6 meters high. The feet of the burner are round carved with three faucets, the mat plate is carved with three small lions, and the six prisms of the burner are carved with flowers and plants on each side. It is a fine carving craft.

4. Festivals

In addition to the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Zhongyuan Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Winter Solstice Festival, the Bai people also celebrate festivals with unique national characteristics: the "Taiping Meeting" on the fifth day of the first month, the "Wenchang Meeting" on the second day of February, the "Sending Children Empress Meeting" on the first day of March, the "Prince Meeting" on the eighth day of April, the 19th, the 19th, the "Guanyin June 19th, and the 24th" Festival "and the 29th.

Among them, the "Taiping Meeting" is particularly grand. The meeting will last for 3 days and the whole village will eat vegetarian food to show respect to Buddha. Every day, a group of people carry the idol of "Heavenly King God", beat gongs and drums, play sutras, chant Buddhist sutras, and march along the village. The villagers set up incense cases in front of their doors to greet them. On the afternoon of the third day, the session ended with "Worshiping the Dragon and Sweeping the Stronghold". A group of people were smeared red and smeared, dressed as devils and ghosts, holding demon-removing instruments, and going door to door to drive ghosts and exorcise evil spirits in order to be blessed by the gods and Buddhas.

 

5,Clothing

Qiubei's Bai dress, male dress difference is not big, female dress features outstanding. The clothes of the male elderly are mostly black or blue-breasted cloth shirts and black baotou. Young and middle-aged men are mostly dressed in blue or light blue-breasted cloth and wide trousers of the same color, but also in gray or white trousers, which are generally not covered.

Women's attire, the upper body is covered with a blue or silver-gray right cardigan wide short-sleeved cloth shirt, the right end of the skirt and the hand sleeve are rolled with black cloth strips embedded with white edges, black cloth buttons and silver buttons, and a flower-picking movable small sleeve is connected under the short sleeve, commonly known as "fake sleeve". In addition, there is a kind of two-color cloth shirt with blue waist around the shoulder and gray skirt set and rolling, which is called "magpie garment". This style is mostly worn by young women, with dark surface, red flower mouth, silver chain buckle and wide ribbon around the waist. The young women of Bai ethnic group are like magpies with special charm.

6, the diet

Bai staple food rice, corn and so on. He likes to eat sour and spicy taste, and is good at pickling bacon, making crisp meat, burning Yuanzi, marinated rot, lobster sauce and other delicacies. "Blood chili pepper" is a special delicacy. Pig blood is mixed with rich seasonings and spices when slaughtering pigs every year. After mixing well, it is put into a canned jar for sealing. When eating, it can be steamed in an appropriate amount. Its taste is spicy and delicious to treat guests.

 

5. labor

The Bai people are mainly engaged in agriculture, with advanced farming techniques and higher crop yields. Mainly rice and corn, supplemented by wheat, beans and other spring crops and pepper, flue-cured tobacco, rape, peanuts and other economic crops. Use farming tools such as plows, rakes, hoes, rakes, axes, machetes, sickles, machetes, and machetes. Raising cattle, horses, pigs, chickens and other livestock and poultry, engaged in dyeing and weaving, bamboo weaving, wood, mud, stone and other handicrafts.

 

6. Bai Marriage Customs

In the old days, most of the marriages between men and women of the Bai nationality were arranged by their parents, and they had to match the eight characters before their spouses could get married. Marriage with aunt and uncle table is preferred, except for the same surname and the same clan do not marry, including the nation and other ethnic groups can intermarry. Young men and women are now basically free to fall in love.

 

7. Bai Funeral

The ancient Bai people were affected by Buddhism and popular cremation, but after the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to coffin burial. Men usually have a funeral after death, while women send special personnel to the back home to "report the funeral" after death. The coffin is parked at home, please ask the Taoist priest to recite the sutras and ask Mr. Geography to choose the cemetery and set the auspicious day for burial. At the funeral, drum music was accompanied by memorial tents, incense pavilions, plaques, paper men and paper horses, etc. The filial sons and grandchildren wept to see them off. The tombs are generally built with bricks and lime arches, and the coffins are put into the backfill stone to build tombs. The tomb has a single tomb and a couple's tomb. The style of making tombs and erecting steles varies according to the economic conditions of the owners. Poor families use rubble to build stone tombs and erect Ganoderma lucidum steles or small eight-character steles. Wealthy families built large eight-character steles or three-pillar city-gate tombs with stone people, stone horses, stone lions, etc. to guard the tombs.

 

8. Bai Taboo

1. Farming taboos

On the beginning of autumn solar term day, avoid working in the fields. It is believed that the "autumn rope" is densely distributed in the fields in beginning of autumn, and working in the fields will trip the "autumn rope" and affect the harvest of crops. As the saying goes, "if you step on autumn for a while, your crops will not be harvested".

2. Holiday Taboos

On the first day of the new year, avoid meat to worship Buddha and god; Avoid outsiders entering the door, sweep the floor, and splash water outside the door. Otherwise, it will bring bad luck to the family and "leak money".

3. Funeral taboos

Avoid those who die outside and cannot be carried back to the main room to park in the coffin, otherwise the family is unlucky.

4. Birth taboos

When giving birth to a child, hang a disdainful hat outside the door and avoid outsiders entering the door. When a child is born with smallpox, cypress sticks should be hung on the door of the patient's room to avoid strangers from entering the room. It is believed that strangers are easy to bring evil and affect the recovery of the patient.

5, pregnant women taboo

During pregnancy, women should not step on cow tools such as cross-cow leash, sling rope, bending load, etc. It is believed that the pregnancy period of cow is 12 months longer than that of human beings. If pregnant women accidentally step on cow tools, the pregnancy period will be as long as that of cow.

6. Dietary taboos

Children are taboo to eat chicken intestines and pig tails. It is believed that eating chicken intestines will affect reading and writing, picking flowers and embroidery. Eating pig tails will shake your head and shake your hands when you grow up.

7, life taboos

Taboo carrying empty bucket empty steamer home. Borrow somebody else's bucket or steamer, return people when the steamer to leave a spoon of rice, bucket filled with some water, meaning commonly used food.

8. Natural taboos

Taboo see snake intercourse and sky meteor passes.

9. Animal taboos

Avoid catching wild animals such as rabbits, muntjac, eagles and geese that enter the home. As the saying goes, "When a hen learns to cock, her head will fall off".

10. The Bai Village of Ma's Dragon

In Qiubei County, 650 kilometers away from Dali, the political, economic and cultural center of the Bai nationality, there is a Bai village called Ma Zelong. Ma Zhelong Village is located in Shuanglongying Town in the northern part of Qiubei County, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of Puzhehei Scenic Area and is 18 kilometers away from the county seat. The ancient temples are hidden by blue bricks and black tiles, and scattered ponds: Wanshou Temple, Guandi Temple, Wenchang Temple, Caishen Temple, Land Temple, Sanyuan Palace, Shuiwai Temple, Guniang Temple, Longwang Temple, etc. In the quiet, the village looks simple and elegant. The Bai nationality in Mazelong Village still retains many rich folk cultures. Some ancient and endangered cultural heritage in the Bai culture are well preserved here. For example, the ancient Bai ethnic group's grand event and the full set of "swallow" masks used in the event.

 

The Mask.

Mazelong Village retains the wooden masks that have been lost in Dali area. They are rich in shape and color, and the dyes are collected from the surrounding flowers and leaves. These masks are used for the annual Taiping Festival, which burns after the festival, and there is no fixed map template. The practice of masks is passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. It is said that many masks have never been seen by Bai people in Dali area, and even come here to request to make them.

In 1986, a large number of cremation tombs were unearthed in the north of Mazelong Village. They belong to the "Bai Man" cremation tombs of the Song Dynasty. They are similar to the cremation pottery pots of the Song Dynasty unearthed in Dali in terms of pot type, decoration and craftsmanship. It is proved that there were more "white barbarians" living in Wenshan Qiubei during the Tang and Song dynasties, that is, the ancestors of the Bai ethnic group today. "Qiubei County Annals" contains: "The Yuan Dynasty set the station as red as the horse's dragon", and the horse's dragon station was the only official document gathering and dispersing institution in Qiubei district at that time.